Rutherfordium
Rutherfordium is a synthetic, radioactive group-4 element whose chemistry is studied using very small numbers of atoms.
Rutherfordium tests how familiar chemical families behave in very heavy atoms.
Explore Rutherfordium's atom- Atomic number
- 104
- Source isotope mass
- 267.122 u
- Family
- Transition metal
- Period
- 7
- Group
- 4
- Standard state
- Predicted solid
In everyday life
Rutherfordium exists in tiny quantities for laboratory research.
Something to remember
Rutherfordium was named after Ernest Rutherford.
Meet its electrons
[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d2
Published theoretical assignment for a superheavy neutral atom; bulk properties and some orbital assignments remain uncertain.
Electrons per shell: 2 · 8 · 18 · 32 · 32 · 10 · 2.
The playground shows an illustrative shell model. Real electrons are described by quantum orbitals, rather than tiny planets traveling along fixed paths.
A connection to explore
Rutherfordium sits below hafnium in group 4, making it a useful test of heavy-element chemistry.
Meet Hafnium (Hf)Properties and conditions
- Source isotope mass
- 267.122 uPubChem value for an element without stable isotopes. This is not a standard atomic weight and may be rounded to an isotope mass number; uncertainty is not supplied. CIAAW assigns no standard atomic weight to this element. The PubChem isotope is not necessarily the longest-lived isotope.PubChem periodic table ↗ · Retrieved 2026-10-15
- Standard state
- Predicted solidPrediction · PubChem classification, including explicit predictions where stated. Reference temperature and pressure are not supplied in the table.PubChem periodic table ↗ · Retrieved 2026-10-15
- First ionisation energy
- Not reportedEnergy to remove the first electron from an isolated neutral gas-phase atom. Uncertainty is not supplied.PubChem periodic table ↗ · Retrieved 2026-10-15
- Electronegativity
- Not reportedA dimensionless relative measure; values depend on the chosen scale. Uncertainty is not supplied.PubChem periodic table ↗ · Retrieved 2026-10-15
- Melting point
- Not reportedPubChem reported value. Pressure, allotrope and measurement uncertainty are not specified in the table; consult the cited source.PubChem periodic table ↗ · Retrieved 2026-10-15
- Boiling point
- Not reportedPubChem reported value. Pressure and measurement uncertainty are not specified in the table; consult the cited source.PubChem periodic table ↗ · Retrieved 2026-10-15
- Density
- Not reportedPubChem reported value. Temperature, pressure, allotrope and measurement uncertainty are not specified in the table; gas densities are especially condition-dependent.PubChem periodic table ↗ · Retrieved 2026-10-15
- Oxidation states
- +4Prediction · Selected PubChem oxidation states; formal electron bookkeeping, not a list of stable free-ion charges or every possible compound.PubChem periodic table ↗ · Retrieved 2026-10-15
- Discovery
- 1964PubChem discovery attribution. Ancient knowledge and competing priority claims cannot always be represented by a single year.PubChem periodic table ↗ · Retrieved 2026-10-15
- Atomic radius
- Not reportedPubChem tabulated radius. Radius definitions depend on bonding and convention; measurement definition and uncertainty are not supplied in this table.PubChem periodic table ↗ · Retrieved 2026-10-15
- Electron affinity
- Not reportedPubChem reported gas-phase electron affinity. Sign conventions and electronic states matter; uncertainty is not supplied in this table.PubChem periodic table ↗ · Retrieved 2026-10-15
Isotopes, abundance and decay
Isotopes share a proton count but have different neutron counts. This selection includes naturally tabulated compositions and a reference isotope for other elements. It is not a list of every known isotope.
Explore 1 isotope of Rf
| Isotope | Relative atomic mass | Natural fraction | Half-life | Decay |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rf-266Reference isotope | 266.11817(50#) | Not tabulated | 4# h · estimated | A ?;SF ? |
Fractions use NIST’s terrestrial isotopic compositions, which can vary by sample. Parentheses denote uncertainty in the last digits. Half-lives and decay branches use NUBASE2020; # marks estimates, >/< mark limits. “No decay observed” follows that evaluation and does not prove permanent stability. Decay branch intensities are percentages; SF means spontaneous fission, EC electron capture, IT an isomeric transition.
Follow the science
Use these original references to explore the data and context. Atomic weights can vary with isotope composition; values for elements without stable isotopes may describe a representative isotope rather than a standard atomic weight.